HALCA

HALCA

HALCA after the final assembly during a solar battery check at Uchinoura
Names	MUSES-B VSOP Haruka (はるか)
Mission type	Astronomy
Operator	ISAS
COSPAR ID	1997-005A
SATCAT no.	24720
Website	HALCA Home
Mission duration	8 years, 9 months, 18 days
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer	NEC Toshiba Space Systems
Launch mass	830 kg (1,830 lb)
Dimensions	1.5 m × 1 m (4.9 ft × 3.3 ft)
Start of mission
Launch date	04:50, February 12, 1997 (UTC) (1997-02-12T04:50Z)
Rocket	M-5-1
Launch site	Kagoshima M-V Pad
End of mission
Disposal	Decommissioned
Deactivated	November 30, 2005 (2005-11-30)
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Highly elliptical
Semi-major axis	17,259 km (10,724 mi)
Eccentricity	0.5999671
Perigee altitude	533.5 km (331.5 mi)
Apogee altitude	21,244.1 km (13,200.5 mi)
Inclination	31.1880 degrees
Period	376.1 minutes
RAAN	127.6566 degrees
Argument of perigee	143.9533 degrees
Mean anomaly	358.3371 degrees
Mean motion	3.82867831 rev/day
Epoch	28 April 2016, 09:56:58 UTC[1]
Revolution no.	26766
Main telescope
Type	Mesh antenna
Diameter	8 m (26 ft)
Wavelengths	1.3, 6, 18 cm (radio)

HALCA (Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy), also known for its project name VSOP (VLBI Space Observatory Programme), the code name MUSES-B (for the second of the Mu Space Engineering Spacecraft series), or just Haruka (はるか)^[2] was a Japanese 8 meter diameter radio telescope satellite which was used for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). It was the first such space-borne dedicated VLBI mission.

History

It was placed in a highly elliptical orbit with an apogee altitude of 21,400 km and a perigee altitude of 560 km, with an orbital period of approximately 6.3 hours. This orbit allowed imaging of celestial radio sources by the satellite in conjunction with an array of ground-based radio telescopes, such that both good (u,v) plane coverage and very high resolution were obtained.

Although designed to observe in three frequency bands: 1.6 GHz, 5.0 GHz, and 22 GHz, it was found that the sensitivity of the 22 GHz band had severely degraded after orbital deployment, probably caused by vibrational deformation of the dish shape at launch, thus limiting observations to the 1.6 GHz and 5.0 GHz bands.

HALCA was launched in February 1997 from Kagoshima Space Center, and made its final VSOP observations in October 2003, far exceeding its 3-year predicted lifespan, before the loss of attitude control. All operations were officially ended in November 2005.^[3]

A follow-up mission ASTRO-G (VSOP-2) was planned, with a proposed launch date of 2012, but the project was eventually cancelled in 2011 due to increasing costs and the difficulties of achieving its science goals. It was expected to achieve resolutions up to ten times higher and up to ten times greater sensitivity than its predecessor HALCA.

The cancellation of ASTRO-G left the Russian Spektr-R mission as the only then operational space VLBI facility. Spektr-R stopped operating in 2019.

Antenna

The large 8 meter antenna was designed to unfold in space as the unfolded configuration did not fit inside the rocket fairing. The antenna was a metal mesh of 6000 cables. To form an ideal shape the length of the cables were adjusted on the backside of the antenna. One concern was that the cables could entangle.^[4] The deployment of the main reflector started on February 27, 1997. The deployment was done over three hours on the first day and was completed in 20 minutes during the next day.^[5]

Highlights

• Observations of hydroxyl masers and pulsars at 1.6 GHz
• Detection of interference fringes for quasar PKS1519-273 between HALCA and terrestrial radio telescopes
• Routines imaging of quasars and radio galaxies etc. by means of experimental VLBI observations with HALCA and terrestrial radio telescope networks

Gallery

• 
  Haruka during a deployment test
• 
  Launch of Haruka on board of a M-V rocket
• 
  The large image shows M87 as observed with the VLA, the insert shows observations with the VLBA and HALCA
• 
  Multi-epoch observations of the quasar VSOP J1927+7358, observed with VSOP between 1997 and 2001
• 
  Animation of HALCA around the Earth
     HALCA  ·   Earth

References

External links

• HALCA
• VSOP