Shantinatha

16th Tirthankara in Jainism in current cycle of Jain cosmology

  • Viśvasena (father)
  • Acalādevī (mother)
SpouseYaśomatīDynastyIkshvaku dynasty
Part of a series on
Jainism
  • Jains
  • History
  • Timeline
  • Index
Philosophy
  • Anekantavada
  • Cosmology
  • Ahimsa
  • Karma
  • Dharma
  • Mokṣa
  • Kevala Jnana
  • Dravya
  • Tattva
  • Brahmacarya
  • Aparigraha
  • Gunasthana
  • Saṃsāra
Ethics
Ethics of Jainism
Mahavratas (major vows)
Anuvratas (further vows)
  • icon Religion portal
  • v
  • t
  • e

Śāntinātha (Sanskrit: शान्तिनाथ) or Śānti is the sixteenth Tīrthaṅkara of Jainism in the present age (Avasarpini).[2] According to traditional accounts, he was born to King Vishvasena and Queen Aćira of the Ikshvaku dynasty in the north Indian city of Hastinapur. His birth date is the thirteenth day of the Jyest Krishna month of the Indian calendar. He was also a Chakravarti and a Kamadeva. He ascended to the throne when he was 25 years old. After over 25,000 years on the throne, he became a Jain monk and started his penance.

After his renunciation, the legends state Shantinatha travelled without food and sleep and after sixteen years received his first ahara (food) after achieving kevala jnana. He attained Moksha on Sammed Shikharji and became a siddha, a liberated soul which has destroyed all of its karma.

Along with Rishabhanatha, Neminatha, Parshvanatha and Mahavira, Shantinatha is one of the five Tirthankaras who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains. His icons include the eponymous deer as his emblem, the Nandi tree, Garuda Yaksha, and Nirvani Yakshi.

Śhāntinātha is believed to be an idea of peace and tranquillity, hence prayed to avert calamities and epidemics and bestows welfare to worshippers and hymns to Śhāntinātha are recited during the last rites.

Jain tradition

According to Jain cosmology, 24 Tirthankaras have appeared on earth; Shantinatha is the sixteenth tirthankara of Avasarpiṇī (the present time cycle).[2][note 1] A Tirthankara (ford-maker, saviour or spiritual teacher) signifies the founding of a tirtha, a passage across the sea of birth-and-death cycles.[4][5]

Birth

He was born to King Vishvasena and Queen Achira at Hastinapur on the 13th day of Jestha Krishna in the Ikshvaku clan.[6] Before the birth of Shantinatha, Queen Achira dreamt the sixteen most auspicious dreams.[7] According to Acharya Hemachandra, epidemics, evils and misery were destroyed when Shantinatha was in his mother's womb. According to Jain tradition, Indra named him Śhānti due to Jina's love for peace.[6]

Life before renunciation

Shantinatha spent 25,000 years as a youth (kumāra kāla) and married a beautiful princess Yaśomatī.[8][7][9] Jain texts portray Shantinatha as tall; his height was given as 120 feet (37 m).[10] He ruled his kingdom for 50,000 years.[11] During his rule, armoury was blessed with divine chakraratna. During his reign he conquered all six divisions of the earth in all directions, acquiring elephants, horses, nine-fold most precious treasures and fourteen ratna (jewels). Shantinatha became the fifth Chakravartin.[8][12][9]

During his time, an epidemic of epilepsy broke out and he helped to control it.[9] Shantinath became the idea of peace and tranquillity by averting epidemics, fire, famine, foreign invasions, robbers, etc., giving him the name of Shantinath. He is also associated with special right to ward of diseases known as Shantikarma.[13][14]

Renunciation

Raja Dharma Mitra offering first meal to Shantinatha, 19th century

Shantinatha, when made aware of his previous incarnations, renounced his worldly life and became a Jain ascetic.[12] According to Jain texts, Shantinatha neither slept nor ate during his penance and meditated under nandi tree. After his sixteen years of asceticism, on the ninth bright day of the month of Pausha (December–January), he achieved kevala jnana .[13]

After achieving kevala jnana he visited Somanasapur, and was offered first ahara (food) by King Dharma Mitra and his wife.[15]

Nirvana and moksha

He is said to have lived 1 lakh (100,000) years and spent many years spreading his knowledge.[8] On the 13th day of the dark half of the month Jyestha (May–June), he attained nirvana at Sammed Shikharji,[13][12][note 2] known contemporaneously as the Parasnath Hills in northern Jharkhand.[18]

The yaksha and yakshi of Shantinatha are Kimpurusha and Mahamanasi according to Digambara tradition and Garuda and Nirvani according to Śvētāmbara tradition.[13]

Previous births

King Megharath, one of the Shantinatha previous incarnation, saving pigeons life by sacrificing his own limbs
  • King Srisena was a kind hearted King well-versed in proper conduct and fulfilled the wishes of the petitioners. He had two wives, Abhinanditā and Śikhinanditā. Abhinanditā is described as the mother of his two sons Induṣeṇa and Binduṣeṇa.[7]
  • Yugalika in Uttar Kurukshetra
  • Deva in Saudharma heaven.[7]
  • Amitateja, prince of Arkakirti is described as a very responsible person, who never neglected his duties as King. He became a Jain ascetic under the influence of Acharya Abhinandana.[7]
  • Heavenly deva in 10th heaven Pranat (20 sagars life span)[note 3]
  • Aparajit Baldeva in East Mahavideha (life span of 84,00,000 purva)[note 4]
  • Heavenly Indra in 12th heaven Achyuta (22 sagars life span)
  • Vajrāyudha Chakri, the son of Tirthankar Kshemanakar in East Mahvideha. Vajrāyudha was named so as his mother, Lakṣmīvatī's, dreamed of a thunderbolt as one of the fourteen auspicious dreams indicating that he would become a Vajrin (Indra). His father, Kṣemaṅkara, became an Arihant and Vajrāyudha also became a Jain ascetic.[7]
  • Heavenly deva in Navgraivayak heaven (25 sagars' life span).[7]
  • King Megharath, the son of Dhanarath in East Mahavideh in the area where Simandhar Swami is moving at present.[21][22] He save a pigeon from a falcon by sacrificing his own flesh of equal weight as the dove. The dove, was deity named Sarupa who increase weight supernaturally but King Megharath remained steadfast on promise to protect him. The scenes from Megharath's life are popular in Jain art.[8][23]
  • Heavenly deva in Sarvartha Siddha Heaven (33 sagars life span)

Disciples

According to Jain texts, Cakrayudha Svami was the leader of the Shantinatha disciples.[12][6]

Legacy

Worship

Miniature painting of Shantinatha surrounded by ascetics, devotees and animals, 18th century

Śhāntinātha being an idea of peace and tranquillity, it is believed that chanting the name Śhāntinātha averts calamities and epidemics and bestows welfare to worshippers.[24] In Shvetambar, Nirvāṉi, the yakshi of Śhāntinātha, is also associated with Shantinatha as Śhānti-devī in prayers for peace.[13] During the last rites, recitation of Namokar Mantra and hymns to the Jina and Śhāntinātha are performed.[25]

Shanti Snaatra Puja is a special prayer for universal peace and the welfare of all living beings. During the prayer, offerings are made 27 or 108 times to Shantinatha.[26] The Laghnu-Shanti-stavaa, compiled by Manadeva suri in the 7th century, is a hymn to Shantinatha full of tantric usage and identify Shantinatha as Siva, the Lord of Shanta.[27] According to Jinaprabha Suri, the temples dedicated to Shantinatha existed in Kishkindha, Lanka and Trikuta.[13]

According to Santistava compiled by Acharya Manadevasuri, the head of Shvetambar in the third century, mere recitation of Shantinath negates all bad omens, brings peace and protects devotees from problems.[28] Santistava is considered[by whom?] one of the four most beautifully written stavans (hymn[29][30]).[31] Jinastotrāņi is a collection of hymn dedicated to Shantinatha along with Munisuvrata, Chandraprabha, Neminatha, Mahavira, Parshvanatha and Rishabhanatha.[32]

Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra praises the twenty-four tirthankaras, and its eight shlokas (songs) adore Shantinatha.[33] One such shloka reads:

First, Lord Śhāntinātha Jina, for a long period of time, wielded supremacy as a king and provided protection to his subject from enemies; later on, on his own, became an ascetic and, as the embodiment of benevolence, pacified evil tendencies.

— Svayambhūstotra (16-1-76)[34]

Literature

Image of Shantinath on a leaf from Yogaśāstra, 12th century

The Shantinatha Charitra, by Acharya Ajitprabhasuri in 14th century, describes the life of the 16th Jain Tirthankara Shantinatha. This text is the oldest example of miniature painting and has been declared as a global treasure by UNESCO.[35] * Santyastaka is a hymn in praise of Śāntinātha composed by Acharya Pujyapada in the fifth century.[36] Shantipurana, written around the 10th century by Sri Ponna, is considered to be one of the three gems of Kannada literature.[37][38][39]

Ajitasanti or Ajita-Śhānti-stava composed by Acharya Nandisena, a seventh century Jain monk, a famous Shvetambar hymn, has alternate verses praising Ajitnatha and Shantinatha.[40][13] Mahapurusha Charitra, compiled by Merutunga in the 13th—14th centuries, talks about Shantinatha.[41] Santikara was compiled by Munisundarasuri in the 15th century.[42]

Iconography

Shantinatha is usually depicted in a sitting or standing meditative posture with the symbol of a deer or antelope beneath him.[43][44] Every tīrthankara has a distinguishing emblem that allows worshippers to distinguish similar-looking idols of the tirthankaras.[45][46][47] The deer or antelope emblem of Shantinath is usually carved below the legs of the tirthankara. Like all tirthankaras, Shantinath is depicted with Shrivatsa[note 5] and downcast eyes.[48]

Colossal statues

In 2016, the tallest statue of Shantinatha, with a height of 54 feet (16 m), was erected in Ajmer.[49] The 32-foot (9.8 m) statue of Shantinath at Prachin Bada Mandir, Hastinapur and Shantinath Jinalaya, Shri Mahavirji. Aggalayya Gutta in Warangal has a 30-foot (9.1 m) image carved in 11th century CE.[50] The 22.5-foot (6.9 m) statue of Shantinath at Bhojpur Jain Temple.

Aharji enshrines a 22-foot (6.7 m) idol installed in 1180 CE.[51] Shantinatha basadi, Halebidu houses a 18 feet (5.5 m) idol.[52] Naugaza Digambar Jain temple in Alwar has 17.5-foot (5.3 m) colossi dated 922 CE.[53] The 15-foot (4.6 m) image at Shantinatha temple, Khajuraho and Shantinath Basadi, Chandragiri.[54] The 12.5-foot (3.8 m) statue in Bahuriband and Pawagiri, built in the 12th century.[55][56]

Temples

Shantinath Temple, Deogarh

Along with Rishabhanatha, Neminatha, Parshvanatha and Mahavira, Shantinatha is one of the five Tirthankaras who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.[57] Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Hastinapur, for example, is a hilly part of Uttar Pradesh, which is believed to have been a place of Shantinath, along with Aranatha and Kunthunath.[58][59] Important Shantinatha temple complexes include Shantinatha Temple in Khajuraho (UNESCO World Heritage Site) Shantinatha temple, Halebidu, Prachin Bada Mandir, Hastinapur, Shantinath Temple in Deogarh, Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura, Shantinath Jain Teerth, Aharji Jain Teerth, Shantinath Jain temple, Kothara, Odegal basadi, Pavagiri Tirth, Kanch Mandir of Indore, Ladnu Jain temple and Shantinath Jain Temple in Leicester, United Kingdom.[60]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shantinatha.

Notes

  1. ^ Heinrich Zimmer: "The cycle of time continually revolves, according to the Jainas. The present "descending" (avasarpini) period was preceded and will be followed by an "ascending" (utsarpini). Sarpini suggests the creeping movement of a "serpent" (sarpin); ava- means "down" and ut- means up."[3]
  2. ^ Some texts refer to the place as Mount Sammeta.[16] This place is revered in Jainism because 20 out of 24 Jinas died here.[17]
  3. ^ 1 sagars is several million years[19]
  4. ^ 1 Purva is 8,400,0002 years[20]
  5. ^ A special symbol that marks the chest of a Tirthankara. The yoga pose is very common in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. Each tradition has had a distinctive auspicious chest mark that allows devotees to identify a meditating statue as a symbolic icon for their theology. There are several srivasta found in ancient and medieval Jain artworks, and these are not found on Buddhist or Hindu art works.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Tandon 2002, p. 45.
  2. ^ a b Tukol 1980, p. 31.
  3. ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 224.
  4. ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 181.
  5. ^ "Tirthankara | Definition, Names, & Facts". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  6. ^ a b c Shah 1987, p. 151.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Johnson 1931.
  8. ^ a b c d von Glasenapp 1925, p. 307.
  9. ^ a b c Mittal 2006, p. 689.
  10. ^ "Shantinatha, Śāntinātha, Shanti-natha". Wisdom Library. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  11. ^ Jain 2015, p. 198.
  12. ^ a b c d Jain 2015, p. 199.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Shah 1987, p. 152.
  14. ^ Mehta 1970, p. 138.
  15. ^ Art and Culture & Raja Dharma Mitra offering food to Tirthankara Shantinatha.
  16. ^ Jacobi 1964, p. 275.
  17. ^ Cort 2010, pp. 130–133.
  18. ^ Kailash Chand Jain 1991, p. 13.
  19. ^ "Sagara, Sāgara, Sāgāra, Sāgarā". Wisdom Library. 12 April 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  20. ^ "Purva, Pūrvā, Pūrva". Wisdom Library. 30 September 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  21. ^ Shah 2004, p. 67.
  22. ^ Jain 2011, p. 26.
  23. ^ Mehta 1970, p. 21.
  24. ^ Shah 2004, p. 179.
  25. ^ Shah 2004, p. 208.
  26. ^ Shah 2004, p. 182.
  27. ^ Shah 2004, p. 193.
  28. ^ Cort 2001, p. 198. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCort2001 (help)
  29. ^ Chapple 2015, p. 246.
  30. ^ Kelting 2001, p. 9.
  31. ^ Kelting 2001, p. 96.
  32. ^ Lienhard 1984, p. 137.
  33. ^ Jain 2015, pp. 104–167.
  34. ^ Jain 2015, p. 104.
  35. ^ Shāntinātha Charitra, UNESCO. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShāntinātha_Charitra,_UNESCO (help)
  36. ^ Jain 2014, p. 15.
  37. ^ Das 2005, p. 143.
  38. ^ Rice 1982, p. 30.
  39. ^ Surebankar 2013, p. 215.
  40. ^ Cort 2001, p. 236. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCort2001 (help)
  41. ^ Dalal 2014, p. 791.
  42. ^ Cort 2001, p. 197. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCort2001 (help)
  43. ^ Doniger 1999, p. 550.
  44. ^ Dalal 2010, p. 369.
  45. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica.
  46. ^ Krishna 2014, p. 34.
  47. ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 225.
  48. ^ Moore 1977, p. 138.
  49. ^ Tiwari 2016.
  50. ^ The New Indian Express 2019.
  51. ^ Reddy 2023, p. 197.
  52. ^ ASI & Shantinatha Basti, Halebid.
  53. ^ Neelkanth.
  54. ^ Javid & Javeed 2008, p. 209.
  55. ^ Cunningham 1879, p. 40.
  56. ^ Mishra 1973, pp. 149–150.
  57. ^ Cort 2010, p. 215.
  58. ^ Chapple 2020, p. 173.
  59. ^ Mercer & Maher 2014, p. 88.
  60. ^ Wilson & Ravat 2017, p. 23.

Sources

Books

  • Chapple, Christopher Key (2015), Yoga in Jainism, Routledge, ISBN 9781317572183
  • Chapple, Christopher Key (2020), Living Landscapes: Meditations on the Five Elements in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain Yogas, State University of New York, ISBN 9781438477954
  • Cort, John E. (2010), Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-538502-1
  • Cunningham, Alexander (1879), Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862-1884, Government Press, retrieved 1 June 2017
  • Dalal, Roshen (2010), The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths, Penguin Books India, ISBN 9780143415176
  • Dalal, Roshen (2014), The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths, Penguin UK, ISBN 9788184753967
  • Das, Sisir Kumar (2005), A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 9788126021710
  • Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1999), Encyclopedia of World Religions, Merriam-Webster, ISBN 0-87779-044-2
  • Jacobi, Hermann (1964), Max Muller (The Sacred Books of the East Series, Volume XXII) (ed.), Jaina Sutras (Translation), Motilal Banarsidass (Original: Oxford University Press)
  • Jain, Kailash Chand (1991), Lord Mahāvīra and His Times, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0805-8
  • Jain, Tanu (2011), Ahimsa—The Right Path Stories on Non-Violence, Allied Publishers, ISBN 9788184246667
  • Jain, Vijay K. (2014), Acarya Pujyapada's Istopadesa – The Golden Discourse, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 9788190363969
  • Jain, Vijay K. (2015), Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara, Vikalp Printer, ISBN 9788190363976, Non-Copyright
  • Javid, Ali; Javeed, Tabassum (2008). World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India. Algora. ISBN 978-0-87586-482-2.
  • Johnson, Helen M. (1931), Shantinathacaritra (Book 5 of the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra), Baroda Oriental Institute
  • Kelting, M. Whitney (2001), Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198032113
  • Krishna, Nanditha (2014), Sacred Animals of India, Penguin UK, ISBN 9788184751826
  • Lienhard, Siegfried (1984), A History of Classical Poetry: Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, A history of Indian literature: Classical Sanskrit literature, vol. 1, Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-1-84511-625-5
  • Mercer, C.; Maher, D. (2014), Transhumanism and the Body: The World Religions Speak, Palgrave Studies in the Future of Humanity and its Successors, Springer Publishing, ISBN 9781137342768
  • Mehta, Jodh Sinha (1970). Abu to Udapiur. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120829848.
  • Mittal, J.P. (2006), History Of Ancient India From 4250 BC To 637 AD, vol. 2, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 9788126906161
  • Mishra, Vibhuti Bushan (1973). Religious Beliefs and Practices of North India during the Early Mediaeval Period. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 3. Netherland: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-03610-9.
  • Moore, Albert C. (1977), Iconography of Religions: An Introduction, Chris Robertson, ISBN 9780800604882
  • Reddy, P. Chenny (2023). Kalyana Mitra: A treasure house of history, culture and archaeological studies. Vol. 5. Blue Rose Publishers. ISBN 978-93-5741-111-0.
  • Rice, E. P. (1982) [first published 1921], Kannada Literature, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 81-206-0063-0
  • Shah, Natubhai (2004) [First published in 1998], Jainism: The World of Conquerors, vol. I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1938-1
  • Shah, Umakant Premanand (1987), Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: (Jaina iconography), vol. 1, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 9788170172086
  • Tandon, Om Prakash (2002) [1968], Jaina Shrines in India (1 ed.), New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, ISBN 9788123024547
  • Tukol, T. K. (1980). Compendium of Jainism (PDF). Dharwad: University of Karnataka.
  • von Glasenapp, Helmuth (1925), Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House (Reprinted 1999), ISBN 978-81-208-1376-2
  • Wilson, Tom; Ravat, Riaz (2017). Learning to Live Well Together: Case Studies in Interfaith Diversity. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 9781784504670.
  • Zimmer, Heinrich (1953) [April 1952], Campbell, Joseph (ed.), Philosophies Of India, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6

Web

  • Surebankar, Smita (2013). "Women Donors Of Karnataka (9 -13 Century Ad) - Issues Of Gender And Faith". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 74. Indian History Congress: 212–18. JSTOR 44158817. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  • INTERNATIONAL MEMORY OF THE WORLD REGISTER - Shāntinātha Charitra (PDF), UNESCO
  • Tiwari, Raktim (16 June 2016). "Ajmer will have tallest Jain statue". Rajasthan Patrika.
  • "1,000-year-old Aggalayya Gutta in Warangal to open for tourists soon", The New Indian Express, 8 July 2019
  • "Shantinatha Basti, Halebid". Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  • Britannica Tirthankar Definition, Encyclopædia Britannica
  • Shantinatha Purana.
  • Shantinatha Charitra (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  • "Neelkanth". Archaeological Survey of India.
  • "Raja Dharma Mitra offering food to Tirthankara Shantinatha". artsandculture.google.com.
  • v
  • t
  • e
Gods
Philosophy
Branches
Digambara
Śvetāmbara
Practices
Literature
Symbols
Ascetics
Scholars
Community
Jainism in
India
Overseas
Jainism and
Dynasties and empires
Related
Lists
Navboxes
  • Gods
  • Literature
  • Monks & nuns
  • Scholars
  • Temples
    • America
    • Bengal
icon Religion portal
Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata
International
  • VIAF
National
  • Germany